距離空間でε-近傍は開集合

\[ \forall U_{\epsilon}\left(a\right)\subseteq X,\forall a_{0}\in U_{\epsilon}\left(a\right),\exists\epsilon_{0}>0,U_{\epsilon_{0}}\left(a_{0}\right)\subseteq U_{\epsilon}\left(a\right) \]

3点を通る円

\[ \det\left(\begin{array}{cccc} x^{2}+y^{2} & x & y & 1\\ x_{1}^{2}+y_{1}^{2} & x_{1} & y_{1} & 1\\ x_{2}^{2}+y_{2}^{2} & x_{2} & y_{2} & 1\\ x_{3}^{2}+y_{3}^{2} & x_{3} & y_{3} & 1 \end{array}\right)=0 \]