ソフィー・ジェルマンの恒等式
ソフィー・ジェルマンの恒等式
\[ a^{4}+4b^{4}=\left(a^{2}+2ab+2b^{2}\right)\left(a^{2}-2ab+2b^{2}\right) \]
\[ a^{4}+4b^{4}=\left(a^{2}+2ab+2b^{2}\right)\left(a^{2}-2ab+2b^{2}\right) \]
\begin{align*}
a^{4}+4b^{4} & =a^{4}+4a^{2}b^{2}+4b^{4}-4a^{2}b^{2}\\
& =\left(a^{2}+2b^{2}\right)^{2}-\left(2ab\right)^{2}\\
& =\left(a^{2}+2ab+2b^{2}\right)\left(a^{2}-2ab+2b^{2}\right)
\end{align*}
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差積の定義と性質
\[
\Delta\left(x_{1},\cdots,x_{n}\right):=\prod_{1\leq i<j\leq n}\left(x_{i}-x_{j}\right)
\]
ビネ・コーシーとラグランジュの恒等式
\[
\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_{i}c_{i}\right)\left(\sum_{j=1}^{n}b_{j}d_{j}\right)-\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_{i}d_{i}\right)\left(\sum_{j=1}^{n}b_{j}c_{j}\right)=\sum_{1\leq i<j\leq n}\left(a_{i}b_{j}-a_{j}b_{i}\right)\left(c_{i}d_{j}-c_{j}d_{i}\right)
\]
オイラーの4平方恒等式
\[
\left(a_{0}^{\;2}+a_{1}^{\;2}+a_{2}^{\;2}+a_{3}^{\;2}\right)\left(b_{0}^{\;2}+b_{1}^{\;2}+b_{2}^{\;2}+b_{3}^{\;2}\right)=\left(a_{0}b_{0}-a_{1}b_{1}-a_{2}b_{2}-a_{3}b_{3}\right)^{2}+\left(a_{0}b_{1}+a_{1}b_{0}+a_{2}b_{3}-a_{3}b_{2}\right)^{2}+\left(a_{0}b_{2}-a_{1}b_{3}+a_{2}b_{0}+a_{3}b_{1}\right)^{2}+\left(a_{0}b_{3}+a_{1}b_{2}-a_{2}b_{1}+a_{3}b_{0}\right)^{2}
\]
ブラーマグプタ2平方恒等式
\[
\left(a^{2}+b^{2}\right)\left(c^{2}+d^{2}\right)=\left(ac\pm bd\right)^{2}+\left(ad\mp bc\right)^{2}
\]